# Determinants

This page contains the NCERT mathematics class 12 chapter Determinants Chapter Summary. You can find the summary for the chapter 4 of NCERT class 12 mathematics in this page. So is the case if you are looking for NCERT class 12 Maths related topic Matrices. This page contains summary of the chapter. If you’re looking for exercise solutions, they’re available at
Determinants – Summary
Determinant of a matrix {\text{A} = {[a_{11}]}_{1 × 1}} is given by {\left|a_{11}\right| = a_{11}}
Determinant of a matrix {\text{A} = \left[\begin{array}{cc} a_{11} & a_{12} \\[5pt] a_{21} & a_{22} \end{array}\right]} is given by
{\left|\text{A}\right| = \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_{11} & a_{12} \\[5pt] a_{21} & a_{22} \end{array}\right| = a_{11}a_{22} - a_{12}a_{21}}
Determinant of a matrix
{\text{A} = \left[\begin{array}{cc} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\[5pt] a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\[5pt] a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{array}\right]}
is given by (expanding along {\text{R}_1})
{\left|\text{A}\right|}
{= \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\[5pt] a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\[5pt] a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{array}\right|}
{= a_1\left|\begin{array}{cc} b_2 & c_2 \\[5pt] b_3 & c_3 \end{array}\right| - b_1\left|\begin{array}{cc} a_2 & c_2 \\[5pt] a_3 & c_3 \end{array}\right| + c_1 \left|\begin{array}{cc} a_2 & b_2 \\[5pt] a_3 & b_3 \end{array}\right|}
For any square matrix A, the |A| satisfy following properties.
|A| = |A|, where |A| = transpose of A.
If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes.
If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of determinant is zero.
If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a determinant by constant {k,} then value of determinant is multiplied by {k.}
Multiplying a determnant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one column) by {k.}
If {\text{A} = {[a_{ij}]}_{3 × 3},} then {\left|k.\text{A}\right| = k^3\left|\text{A}\right|}
If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more determinants.
If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other rows or columns are added, then value of determinant remains same.
Area of a triangle with vertices {\left(x_1, y_1\right),} {\left(x_2, y_2\right)} and {\left(x_3, y_3\right)} is given by
{Δ = \dfrac12 \left|\begin{array}{cc} x_1 & y_1 & 1 \\[5pt] x_2 & y_2 & 1 \\[5pt] x_3 & y_3 & 1 \end{array}\right|}
Minor of an element a_{ij} of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting i^{th} row and j^{th} column and denoted by \text{M}_{ij}.
Cofactor of a_{ij} of given by {\text{A}_{ij} = \left(-1\right)^{i + j} \text{M}_{ij}}
Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with corresponding cofactors. For example,
{\left|\text{A}\right| = a_{11} \text{A}_{11} + a_{12} \text{A}_{12} + a_{13} \text{A}_{13}}
If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For example, {a_{11} \text{A}_{21} + a_{12} \text{A}_{22} + a_{13} \text{A}_{23} = 0}
If {\text{A} = \left[\begin{array}{ccc} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\[5pt] a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\[5pt] a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{array}\right],} then {adj \text{ A} = \left[\begin{array}{ccc} \text{A}_{11} & \text{A}_{21} & \text{A}_{31} \\[5pt] \text{A}_{12} & \text{A}_{22} & \text{A}_{32} \\[5pt] \text{A}_{13} & \text{A}_{23} & \text{A}_{33} \end{array}\right],} where {\text{A}_{ij}} is cofactor of {a_{ij}.}

{\text{A }(adj\text{ A}) = (adj\text{ A})\text{ A} = |\text{A I}|,} where A is a square matrix of order {n.}
A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A| = 0 and |A| ≠ 0.
If AB = BA = I, where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse of A. Also {\text{A}^{-1} = \text{B}} or {\text{B}^{-1} = \text{A}} and hence {\left(\text{A}^{-1}\right)^{-1} = \text{A}.}
A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non-singular.
If
{a_1x + b_1y + c_1z = d_1}
{a_2x + b_2y + c_2z = d_2}
{a_3x + b_3y + c_3z = d_3,}
then these equations can be written as A X = B, where
{\text{A} = \left[\begin{array}{cc} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\[5pt] a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\[5pt] a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{array}\right],} {\text{X} = \left[\begin{array}{c} x \\[5pt] y \\[5pt] z \end{array}\right]} and {\left[\begin{array}{c} d_1 \\[5pt] d_2 \\[5pt] d_3 \end{array}\right]}

Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by {\text{X = A}^{-1}\text{ B},} where |A| ≠ 0.
A system of equation is consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not.
For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B
(i)
|A| ≠ 0, there exists unique solution
(ii)
|A| = 0, and {(adj\text{ A})\text{ B}} ≠ 0, then there exists no solution
(iii)
|A| = 0, and {(adj\text{ A})\text{ B}} = 0, then system may or may not be consistent.