This page contains the NCERT Economics class 11 chapter 6 Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues from Unit III Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy. You can find the solutions for the chapter 6 of NCERT class 11 Economics, for the Short Answer Questions, Long Answer Questions and Projects/Assignments Questions in this page. So is the case if you are looking for NCERT class 11 Economics related topic Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues question and answers.
EXERCISES
1. Who is a worker?
A worker is defined as anyone who is engaged in economic activities, regardless of their capacity, whether high or low. This includes all those who contribute to the GDP. Economic activities refer to those activities that contribute to the production of goods and services in a country. Workers encompass not only those who are paid by an employer for their work but also those who are self-employed. Even if someone temporarily abstains from work due to various reasons such as illness, injury, bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions, they are still considered workers. Additionally, those who assist the main workers in these activities are also categorized as workers.
2. Define worker-population ratio.
The worker-population ratio is an indicator used for analyzing the employment situation in a country. It helps to understand the proportion of the population that is actively contributing to the production of goods and services. The worker-population ratio is calculated as follows:
{\text{Worker-Population Ratio} = \dfrac{\text{Total No. of Workers in a country}}{\text{Total Population of the country}} × 100}
3. Are the following workers — a beggar, a thief, a smuggler, a gambler? Why?
No. The reason is as follows:
A worker is defined as anyone engaged in economic activities, which contribute to the GDP. Workers include both those who are paid by an employer and those who are self-employed.
–
Beggar: A beggar may not be considered a worker in the conventional sense as begging does not contribute to the production of goods or services. However, one could argue that a beggar is engaged in an economic activity as they are involved in a form of exchange, albeit through seeking alms.
–
Thief, Smuggler: Thieves and smugglers are involved in economic activities, but their actions are illegal and harmful to society. They do not contribute positively to the GDP and their activities are not regulated or protected by the government.
–
Gambler: Gambling involves economic transactions, but it does not produce goods or services that contribute to the GDP. Additionally, gambling can be harmful and does not provide a stable or secure form of employment.
In summary, while all four categories involve some form of economic activity, they do not fit the conventional definition of a worker as someone engaged in productive activities that contribute to the GDP. Additionally, illegal activities such as theft and smuggling are harmful to society and do not provide secure or regulated employment.
4. Find the odd man out (i) owner of a saloon (ii) a cobbler (iii) a cashier in Mother Dairy or Milk Cooperative Society of your area (iv) a tuition master (v) transport operator (vi) construction worker.
Workers can be categorized into three main types: self-employed, casual wage laborers, and regular salaried employees.
–
Self-employed: Workers who own and operate an enterprise to earn their livelihood. Example: cement shop owner.
–
Casual wage laborers: Workers who are casually engaged in others’ farms or enterprises and, in return, get a remuneration for the work done. Example: construction workers.
–
Regular salaried employees: Workers who are engaged by someone or an enterprise and paid their wages on a regular basis. Example: civil engineer working in a construction company.
Now, let’s categorize the given professions based on this information:
(i)
Owner of a saloon: Self-employed
(ii)
A cobbler: Self-employed
(iii)
A cashier in Mother Dairy or Milk Cooperative Society of your area: Regular salaried employee
(iv)
A tuition master: Self-employed
(v)
Transport operator: Self-employed
(vi)
Construction worker: Casual wage laborer
Based on these categorizations, the odd one out could be (iii) a cashier in Mother Dairy or Milk Cooperative Society of your area and (vi) Construction Worker as these are not Self-employed like the others..
5. The newly emerging jobs are found mostly in the sector (service/manufacturing).
The newly emerging jobs are found mostly in the service sector. This is evident from the fact that there is a growing shift in the employment structure, with a growing prominence of the service sector in providing job opportunities. Also, the expansion of the service sector and the advent of high technology have allowed for a competitive existence of both small scale enterprises and individual specialist workers, alongside multinational companies. This shift has also led to changes in the traditional notions of workplaces, with homes increasingly becoming workplaces for many.
6. An establishement with four hired workers is known as (formal/informal) sector establishment.
An establishment with four hired workers is known as an informal sector establishment. As per the definition formal and informal sectors are classified so on the number of hired workers in an establishment. All public sector establishments and those private sector establishments which employ 10 hired workers or more are considered formal sector establishments. Conversely, establishments that employ less than 10 hired workers are considered part of the informal sector. Therefore, an establishment with four hired workers falls into the informal sector category.
7. Raj is going to school. When he is not in school, you will find him working in his farm. Can you consider him as a worker? Why?
Yes. Raj can be considered a worker when he is working on his farm, as he is engaged in an economic activity that contributes to the production of goods. As per definition, all those who are engaged in economic activities are included as employed or workers. Economic activities refer to activities that result in the production of goods and services.
In Raj’s case, when he is at school, he is not engaged in an economic activity, and therefore, he is not considered a worker during that time. However, when he is working on his farm, he is actively contributing to an economic activity, and thus, he can be considered a worker during that time.
8. Compared to urban women, more rural women are found working. Why?
Compared to urban women, more rural women are found working primarily due to the nature of employment opportunities and societal norms prevalent in rural areas. In rural areas, a significant portion of women are engaged in agricultural activities, contributing to farm labor, and carrying out household chores such as fetching water and fuelwood. These activities, however, are often not recognized as formal employment and may not be paid, leading to an underestimation of the number of women workers in official statistics.
In urban areas, societal norms and the availability of higher income opportunities for men may discourage women from participating in the workforce. Additionally, the nature of work in urban areas is different, with a higher prevalence of formal employment opportunities that may not be as accessible to women due to various socio-economic barriers.
9. Meena is a housewife. Besides taking care of household chores, she works in the cloth shop which is owned and operated by her husband. Can she be considered as a worker? Why?
Meena can be considered a worker because she is actively engaged in an economic activity by working in the cloth shop owned and operated by her husband. As per the definition, all those who are engaged in economic activities are included as employed or workers. Economic activities refer to activities that result in the production of goods and services.
In Meena’s case, she is contributing to the operation of the cloth shop, which is an economic activity. Therefore, she fits the definition of a worker. In addition, as per definition women engaged in household activities and contributing to family farms are not formally recognized as workers, even though they are actively contributing to economic activities. This suggests that Meena’s work in the cloth shop should be recognized as employment, making her a worker.
10. Find the odd man out (i) rickshaw puller who works under a rickshaw owner (ii) mason (iii) mechanic shop worker (iv) shoeshine boy.
The odd one out among the given options is (iv) shoeshine boy. This is because the other three professions — (i) rickshaw puller who works under a rickshaw owner, (ii) mason, and (iii) mechanic shop worker — are likely to be categorized as casual wage laborers or informal sector workers. They are engaged in physical labor, often on a daily wage basis, and may not have job security or social benefits.
On the other hand, a shoeshine boy, while also engaged in a form of informal labor, typically works independently and may not be hired by anyone. He earns money based on the services he provides to customers, which can vary day by day. This form of self-employment differentiates him from the other three professions, making him the odd one out.
11. The following table shows distribution of workforce in India for the year 1972-73. Analyse it and give reasons for the nature of workforce distribution. You will notice that the data is pertaining to the situation in India about 50 years ago!
Place of Residence
Workforce
(in millions)
(in millions)
Male
Female
Total
Rural
125
69
195
Urban
32
7
39
The table provided shows the distribution of the workforce in India for the year 1972-73, categorized by place of residence and gender.
Analysis of Workforce Distribution:
1.
Rural Workforce:
–
The rural workforce is significantly larger than the urban workforce, with 195 million people (83%) engaged in work.
–
A majority of the workforce is male (125 million or 64% of rural workforce), but there is also a substantial number of females working (69 million or 36% of rural workforce).
–
This large rural workforce can be attributed to the agrarian nature of India during that time, with a significant portion of the population engaged in agriculture and related activities.
2.
Urban Workforce:
–
The urban workforce is much smaller in comparison, totaling 39 million people or 17% of the total workforce (both rural and urban).
–
The male workforce (32 million or 82% of urban workforce) dominates the urban areas, while the female workforce is considerably smaller (7 million or 18% of the urbank workforce).
–
The urban areas likely provided more opportunities in industries, services, and government jobs, attracting a male-dominated workforce.
Reasons for Nature of Workforce Distribution:
1.
Agricultural Economy: During the 1970s, India was predominantly an agricultural country, with a large portion of its population living in rural areas and dependent on agriculture for livelihood. This explains the large rural workforce.
2.
Gender Roles: Traditional gender roles might have played a significant role in the workforce distribution. In rural areas, women were engaged in agriculture and allied activities, though their work might not have been formally recognized. In urban areas, societal norms might have restricted women’s participation in the workforce, leading to a smaller number of working women.
3.
Industrialization and Urbanization: In the 1970s, India was in the early stages of industrialization and urbanization. This would have led to more employment opportunities in urban areas, attracting a male workforce, as men were traditionally the breadwinners of the family.
4.
Education and Skill Levels: Education and skill levels were generally lower, especially among women. This could have limited their employment opportunities, particularly in urban areas where jobs might have required a higher level of education and skills.
In summary, the nature of workforce distribution in India in 1972-73 was heavily influenced by the agrarian economy, traditional gender roles, the early stages of industrialization and urbanization, and the prevailing levels of education and skills.
12. The following table shows the population and worker population ratio for India in 1999-2000. Can you estimate the workforce (urban and total) for India?
Region
Estimates of Population (in crores)
Worker Population Ratio
Estimated No. of Workers (in crores)
Rural
71.88
41.9
{\dfrac{71.88}{100} × 41.9 = 30.12}
Urban
28.52
33.7
?
Total
100.40
39.5
?
To estimate the workforce (urban and total) for India based on the given table, we can use the worker population ratio. The worker population ratio is defined as the number of workers per 100 persons.
For Urban India:
–
Population: 28.52 crores
–
Worker Population Ratio: 33.7
To calculate the estimated number of workers in urban India:
Estimated No. of Workers (Urban)
{= \left(\dfrac{28.52 × 33.7}{100} \right) \text{ crores}}
= 9.61 crores
For Total India:
–
Population: 100.40 crores
–
Worker Population Ratio: 39.5
To calculate the estimated total number of workers in India:
Estimated No. of Workers (Total)
{= \left(\dfrac{100.40 × 39.5}{100} \right) \text{ crores}}
= 39.66 crores
So, based on the worker population ratio, the estimated workforce in urban India is 9.61 crores, and the total estimated workforce in India is 39.66 crores and the final table will be as follows:
Region
Estimates of Population (in crores)
Worker Population Ratio
Estimated No. of Workers (in crores)
Rural
71.88
41.9
30.12
Urban
28.52
33.7
9.61
Total
100.40
39.5
39.66
13. Why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas?
Regular salaried employees are more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas due to several reasons, as specified below:
1.
Nature of Employment: The nature of work in urban areas is diverse and includes a wide range of services, industries, and administrative jobs that often require a regular workforce. Enterprises in urban areas tend to have structured jobs that are suited for regular salaried employment. In contrast, rural areas have a higher concentration of agricultural activities and small-scale industries, which may not provide as many opportunities for regular salaried employment.
2.
Availability of Jobs: Urban areas offer a variety of employment opportunities in different sectors such as services, industries, and administration. These sectors are more likely to provide regular salaried positions compared to the agricultural sector, which dominates rural employment.
3.
Education and Skills: Urban areas generally have better access to education and skill development opportunities. Individuals with higher education and skills are more likely to secure regular salaried jobs. In rural areas, lower levels of education and skill development can limit access to regular salaried employment.
4.
Industrialization and Urbanization: The process of industrialization and urbanization has led to the growth of industries and services in urban areas, creating more opportunities for regular salaried employment. Rural areas may not have experienced the same level of industrialization and urbanization, resulting in fewer such opportunities.
5.
Social and Cultural Factors: In some cases, social and cultural factors may also play a role in the distribution of regular salaried employees. For example, there may be societal expectations or norms that influence the types of jobs that individuals in rural areas engage in.
6.
Government and Private Sector Presence: Urban areas tend to have a higher presence of government offices, private companies, and multinational corporations, all of which are more likely to offer regular salaried positions. Rural areas may not have as many such establishments, leading to fewer opportunities for regular salaried employment.
These factors collectively contribute to the higher prevalence of regular salaried employees in urban areas compared to rural areas.
14. Why are less women found in regular salaried employment?
Less women are found in regular salaried employment due to a variety of social, economic, and cultural factors. Few of the reasons contributing to this fact are provided below:
1.
Societal Norms and Expectations: In many parts of India, there are prevailing societal norms and expectations regarding the roles of men and women. Women are often expected to take care of household chores, children, and elderly family members. These responsibilities can limit their availability for regular salaried employment.
2.
Lack of Recognition for Household Work: Many women are actively engaged in household activities and contribute to the maintenance of their households and family farms. However, this work is often not recognized as productive work and is not paid, leading to the underestimation of the number of women workers.
3.
Limited Access to Education and Skill Development: Women may have limited access to education and skill development opportunities, which can restrict their ability to secure regular salaried employment.
4.
Gender Wage Gap: Even when women are employed, they might face a gender wage gap, earning less than their male counterparts for the same work. This disparity can discourage women from participating in the workforce.
5.
Safety Concerns: Safety concerns, especially in urban areas, can be a significant barrier for women to take up regular salaried employment, particularly in jobs that require travel or late working hours.
6.
Lack of Flexibility: Regular salaried jobs may not offer the flexibility that women need to balance their work and household responsibilities. This lack of flexibility can be a deterrent for women to take up such employment.
7.
Discrimination in Hiring: Women might face discrimination during the hiring process, with employers preferring male candidates for regular salaried positions.
8.
Limited Representation in Formal Sector: Women are underrepresented in the formal sector, which includes public sector establishments and private sector establishments that employ a significant number of hired workers. Most women are found in the informal sector, which includes small enterprises, agricultural labor, and self-employment.
These factors collectively contribute to the lower representation of women in regular salaried employment in India. Efforts to address these issues and promote gender equality in the workforce are crucial to increasing women’s participation in regular salaried employment.
15. Analyse the recent trends in sectoral distribution of workforce in India.
The recent trends in the sectoral distribution of the workforce in India reflect significant changes and shifts across various sectors. Here’s an analysis and additional information about this fact:
Shift from Primary to Secondary and Tertiary Sectors:
–
There has been a substantial shift from farm work to non-farm work. In 1972-73, about 74% of the workforce was engaged in the primary sector, which declined to about 50% in 2011-12. This indicates a move away from agricultural and related activities.
–
The secondary and tertiary (service) sectors have shown promising futures for the Indian workforce. The shares of these sectors have increased from 11% to 24% and from 15% to 27%, respectively, over the years.
Casualisation of Workforce:
–
Over the last five decades, there has been a trend of people moving from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work. This phenomenon, referred to as the “casualisation of workforce,” makes workers highly vulnerable as they lack job security and social security benefits.
–
Despite this trend, self-employment continues to be a major employment provider.
Increase in Regular Salaried Employees:
– In 2017-18, there was a moderate rise in the share of regular salaried employees. This could be attributed to the growth of the service sector and the formalization of certain jobs.
Informalisation of Workforce:
–
A significant portion of the workforce is employed in the informal sector, characterized by lack of job security, absence of formal contracts, and limited access to social security measures.
–
Efforts have been made to modernize informal sector enterprises and provide social security measures to informal sector workers.
Gender Disparities:
–
Women are found to be concentrated in the primary sector, with 57% of the female workforce employed there, compared to less than half of the male workforce.
–
Men have more opportunities in both the secondary and service sectors compared to women.
Conclusion:
–
The structure of the workforce in India has changed, with a growing emphasis on the service sector and a decline in the primary sector.
–
The nature of employment has become more informal, and there is a need for increased social security measures for workers.
–
Despite the growth in GDP, there has not been a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities, necessitating government initiatives to generate employment, particularly in rural areas.
This analysis reflects the recent trends in the sectoral distribution of the workforce in India.
16. Compared to the 1970s, there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries. Comment.
The statement that there has hardly been any change in the distribution of workforce across various industries compared to the 1970s is not accurate. There have been significant changes and shifts in the workforce distribution in India over the years. Here’s an analysis of this fact:
Shift from Primary to Secondary and Tertiary Sectors:
–
Primary Sector: In 1972-73, about 74% of the workforce was engaged in the primary sector, which includes agriculture and related activities. This proportion declined to about 50% in 2011-12 and further to 44.6% in 2017-18.
–
Secondary Sector: The share of the workforce in the secondary sector, which includes manufacturing, construction, and related activities, increased from 11% in 1972-73 to 24% in 2011-12, and it remained relatively stable at 24.4% in 2017-18.
–
Tertiary/Service Sector: The tertiary or service sector saw an increase in its share of the workforce from 15% in 1972-73 to 27% in 2011-12, and it further increased to 31% in 2017-18.
Changes in Employment Status:
–
Self-Employed: The proportion of self-employed individuals in the workforce decreased slightly from 61.4% in 1972-73 to 52.2% in 2017-18.
–
Regular Salaried Employees: There was a significant increase in the share of regular salaried employees, from 15.4% in 1972-73 to 22.8% in 2017-18.
–
Casual Wage Labourers: The share of casual wage labourers increased from 23.2% in 1972-73 to a peak of 31.8% in 1993-94, before decreasing to 25% in 2017-18.
Conclusion:
–
The data clearly indicates a substantial shift from agricultural and related activities to the secondary and tertiary sectors.
–
There has been a noticeable increase in the share of regular salaried employees, indicating a move towards more formal and stable employment.
–
The trend of casualisation of the workforce, where individuals move from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work, was prominent, especially in the period between 1972 and 1994. However, there has been a slight decrease in the share of casual wage labourers in recent years.
In summary, the distribution of the workforce across various industries in India has undergone significant changes since the 1970s, with a clear shift from the primary sector to the secondary and tertiary sectors, as well as changes in the status of employment.
17. Do you think that during 1950-2010 employment generated in the country is commensurate with the growth of GDP in India? How?
1.
Growth of GDP vs Employment (1950-2010):
–
During the period 1950-2010, India experienced positive growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
–
However, the growth in employment did not match the pace of GDP growth. Employment grew at a rate of not more than 2 per cent.
2.
Jobless Growth:
–
There is a phenomenon referred to as “jobless growth.”
–
This term describes a situation where the economy is able to produce more goods and services without generating proportional employment opportunities.
–
Employment growth started declining in the late 1990s, reaching levels similar to the early stages of planning in India.
–
A widening gap between the growth of GDP and employment was observed during these years.
3.
Impact on Workforce:
–
The workforce experienced a substantial shift from farm work to non-farm work, as seen in the distribution of workforce by industrial sectors.
–
The primary sector saw a decrease in workforce engagement from 74 per cent in 1972-73 to about 50 per cent in 2011-12.
–
On the other hand, the secondary and service sectors showed an increase in workforce engagement, indicating promising future prospects for the Indian workforce in these sectors.
4.
Casualisation of Workforce:
–
There is casualisation of the workforce, where workers moved from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work.
–
This trend makes workers highly vulnerable and has implications for their job security and benefits.
5.
Government Initiatives:
–
In response to the jobless growth and the need for employment generation, the government has implemented various measures.
–
One such measure is the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005, which promises 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to all rural households willing to do unskilled manual work.
6.
Conclusion:
–
To conclude there has been a change in the structure of the workforce in India, with newly emerging jobs found mostly in the service sector.
–
Despite the rapid growth in GDP, there has not been a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities, necessitating government intervention to generate employment, particularly in rural areas.
18. Is it necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector? Why?
Yes. It is necessary to generate employment in the formal sector rather than in the informal sector due to the following reasons:
1.
Social Security and Benefits:
–
Workers in the formal sector enjoy social security benefits and generally earn more than those in the informal sector.
–
These benefits and higher earnings contribute to a better standard of living and job security for formal sector workers.
2.
Development Planning and Vision:
–
Developmental planning in India has envisioned a transition of workers from the informal to the formal sector as the economy grows.
–
This transition is expected to provide more workers with decent livelihoods and better living standards, similar to those in developed countries.
3.
Current Employment Distribution:
–
As of 2011-12, only about 6% of India’s workforce was employed in the formal sector, leaving a staggering 94% in the informal sector.
–
This distribution highlights the urgent need to generate more employment opportunities in the formal sector.
4.
Quality of Employment:
–
Over the years, the quality of employment in India has been deteriorating, with many workers in the informal sector lacking access to benefits like maternity leave, provident fund, gratuity, and pension.
–
Generating employment in the formal sector would help in improving the quality of employment and ensuring that more workers have access to these essential benefits.
5.
Government’s Role and Employment Generation:
–
The government plays a crucial role in generating employment and has implemented various measures to create job opportunities, particularly in rural areas.
–
Initiatives like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 aim to provide guaranteed wage employment to rural households, reflecting the government’s efforts to generate formal employment.
6.
Informal Sector Challenges:
–
Workers and enterprises in the informal sector often face challenges such as lack of regular income, absence of government protection or regulation, outdated technology, and inadequate living conditions.
–
The informal sector’s workers live in vulnerable conditions, often residing in slums and lacking access to basic amenities.
7.
Need for Modernisation and Social Security in Informal Sector:
–
Efforts are being made to modernise informal sector enterprises and provide social security measures to informal sector workers.
–
These efforts are crucial for improving the living and working conditions of informal sector workers.
8.
Conclusion:
–
Generating employment in the formal sector is necessary to ensure that more workers have access to social security benefits, earn higher wages, and enjoy better living standards.
–
While efforts are being made to improve conditions in the informal sector, transitioning workers to the formal sector remains a key objective for sustainable development and improved quality of employment in India.
19. Victor is able to get work only for two hours in a day. Rest of the day, he is looking for work. Is he unemployed? Why? What kind of jobs could persons like Victor be doing?
Victor, who works only two hours a day and spends the rest of the day looking for work, is not considered unemployed according to the National Statistical Office, which defines an unemployed person as one unable to secure even an hour of work in half a day. However, Victor’s situation can be described as underemployment, reflecting a precarious employment status without stable income or job security. Typically, individuals like Victor may engage in casual labor in the informal sector, such as daily wage work in construction, street vending, or part-time domestic help. Despite not being unemployed, the vulnerability and lack of benefits associated with such casual labor highlight the need for improved employment quality and security.
20. You are residing in a village. If you are asked to advice the village panchayat, what kinds of activities would you suggest for the improvement of your village which would also generate employment.
If I were to advise the village panchayat on activities for village improvement and employment generation, I would suggest focusing on areas that leverage local resources and skills, while also addressing community needs. There are various government programs aimed at employment generation and community development, which can be a reference for our initiatives.
1.
Agriculture and Horticulture: Promote organic farming and horticulture. Establishing nurseries for plants and providing training on sustainable farming practices can generate employment.
2.
Animal Husbandry and Dairy Farming: Encourage the rearing of livestock and poultry, and set up small-scale dairy farming units. This can provide employment to villagers and also meet the local demand for milk and dairy products.
3.
Handicrafts and Cottage Industries: Utilize local skills to produce handicrafts and promote cottage industries. This can include pottery, weaving, or making traditional jewelry, which can be sold to generate income.
4.
Rural Tourism: Develop and promote rural tourism by showcasing the village’s culture, traditions, and natural beauty. This can create jobs in hospitality, guiding, and local crafts sales.
5.
Skill Development Centers: Establish centers to provide vocational training and skill development in various trades, helping the youth acquire skills that are in demand.
6.
Renewable Energy Projects: Invest in renewable energy projects like solar or biogas plants, which can provide clean energy and create maintenance and operation jobs.
7.
Waste Management and Sanitation: Implement a solid waste management system and improve sanitation facilities, which can create jobs in waste collection and management.
8.
Water Conservation and Management: Work on water conservation projects like rainwater harvesting, check dams, and pond rejuvenation, providing employment and ensuring water security.
9.
Afforestation and Greenery: Undertake afforestation drives and develop green spaces, providing employment in planting and maintenance of these areas.
10.
Community Centers and Libraries: Establish community centers and libraries that can serve as hubs for learning, cultural activities, and community gatherings, creating jobs in management and maintenance.
By focusing on these areas, we can not only improve the living standards in the village but also create sustainable employment opportunities for the residents.
21. Who is a casual wage labourer?
A casual wage labourer is a type of worker who is engaged in work on a temporary or casual basis, rather than having a permanent or regular job. These labourers are typically hired for short durations and are paid wages on a daily or per-task basis. They do not have job security, and their employment is often precarious and dependent on the availability of work. Casual wage labourers may work in various sectors, including agriculture, construction, and manufacturing, and they may perform a variety of tasks based on the requirements of the employer.
The casual wage labourers are found more in rural areas than in urban areas. They are considered to be the most vulnerable among different categories of workers due to their lack of job security, absence of benefits, and often precarious working conditions. There is also a trend of casualisation of the workforce, where more people are moving from self-employment and regular salaried employment to casual wage work, making workers highly vulnerable.
22. How will you know whether a worker is working in the informal sector?
To determine whether a worker is working in the informal sector, we can consider the following characteristics and conditions of employment:
1.
Lack of Job Security: Workers in the informal sector typically do not have secure employment contracts and can be dismissed without notice or compensation.
2.
Absence of Social Security Benefits: Informal sector workers usually do not have access to social security benefits such as health insurance, pension, or provident fund.
3.
Irregular Income: Workers in the informal sector often experience irregular income and may not have a consistent source of earnings.
4.
Outdated Technology: Enterprises in the informal sector tend to use outdated technology and may not maintain proper accounts.
5.
Working Conditions: Informal sector workers might work in unclean or unhealthy surroundings, and their working conditions may not comply with standard labor regulations.
6.
Lack of Representation: Workers in the informal sector may not be part of any trade unions or worker associations, and they might not have a platform to bargain for better wages or working conditions.
7.
Size of the Enterprise: Informal sector workers are often employed by small enterprises. All public sector establishments and private sector establishments employing 10 or more hired workers are considered formal sector establishments. Therefore, workers in establishments with fewer than 10 hired workers are likely to be in the informal sector.
8.
Residential Status: Workers in the informal sector might live in slums or informal settlements.
9.
Government Regulation: Informal sector enterprises do not have protection or regulation from the government.
10.
Type of Work: Informal sector workers might be engaged in casual wage labor, agricultural labor, or small-scale trading.
By considering these factors, we can assess whether a worker is likely to be employed in the informal sector.
SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
1. Select a region, say a street or colony, and divide it into 3-4 sub-regions. Conduct a survey by which you can collect the details of activity each person living there is engaged in. Derive the worker-population ratio for all the regions. Interpret the results for differences in worker-population ratio for the different sub-regions.
To conduct a survey and derive the worker-population ratio for different sub-regions of a selected area, you can follow these steps:
1.
Selection of Region and Division into Sub-Regions:Choose a specific street or colony and divide it into 3-4 sub-regions for a detailed analysis. Ensure that the sub-regions are distinct and cover the entire area of the selected region.
2.
Designing the Survey:
Create a survey form that includes questions to gather information about the employment status and demographic details of each resident. The survey should include questions like:
–
Name
–
Age
–
Gender
–
Occupation (If employed, specify the type of work)
–
Number of hours worked per week
–
Educational qualification
3.
Conducting the Survey: Visit each household in the sub-regions to collect the required information. Ensure that the data collected is accurate and complete.
4.
Data Compilation and Analysis: Compile the data collected from the survey and categorize the residents into two groups: workers and non-workers. Workers are those who are engaged in any economic activity, while non-workers include students, homemakers, retired individuals, and others not engaged in economic activities.
5.
Calculation of Worker-Population Ratio:
The worker-population ratio is calculated using the formula:
{\text{Worker-Population Ratio} = \left(\dfrac{\text{Number of Workers}}{\text{Total Population}}\right) × 100}
Calculate the worker-population ratio for each sub-region.
6.
Interpretation of Results:
Analyze the worker-population ratios of the different sub-regions and interpret the results. Consider factors such as:
–
The demographic composition of the sub-regions (age, gender, education level)
–
The types of employment opportunities available in or near the sub-regions
–
The socio-economic status of the residents
7.
Conclusion: Draw conclusions based on the analysis and interpretation of the worker-population ratios. Highlight any significant differences between the sub-regions and provide possible explanations for these differences.
By following these steps, you can conduct a comprehensive survey to derive and interpret the worker-population ratios for different sub-regions of a selected area.
2. Suppose 3-4 groups of students are given different regions of a state. One region is mainly engaged in cultivation of paddy. In another region, coconut is the main plantation. The third region is a coastal region where fishing is the main activity. The fourth region has a river nearby with a lot of livestock rearing activities. Ask all the four groups to develop a report on what kind of employment could be generated in the four regions.
To guide the student groups in developing a report on potential employment generation in the four distinct regions, here’s a structured approach they can follow:
1.
Introduction: Each group should start their report by providing a brief introduction to the region they are assigned, highlighting its main geographical features, climate, and existing primary economic activities.
2.
Current Employment Scenario: Describe the current employment scenario in the region, focusing on the main activity (e.g., paddy cultivation, coconut plantation, fishing, or livestock rearing). Discuss the existing workforce, seasonal variations in employment, and any challenges faced by the workers.
3.
Potential Areas for Employment Generation: Identify and elaborate on various areas where employment could be generated, considering the region’s unique characteristics.
For the Paddy Cultivation Region:
–
Agro-Processing Units: Establishing units for processing paddy into rice, bran, and other products.
–
Agricultural Tourism: Promoting farm visits and stays, especially during the harvest season.
–
Supply Chain and Logistics: Developing employment in transportation, storage, and distribution of agricultural products.
For the Coconut Plantation Region:
–
Coconut-Based Industries: Setting up industries for coconut oil extraction, coir production, and manufacturing of coconut-based products.
–
Handicrafts: Promoting the creation of handicrafts made from coconut shells and coir.
–
Horticulture: Encouraging the cultivation of other crops alongside coconut for diversification.
For the Coastal Fishing Region:
–
Fish Processing: Establishing units for cleaning, processing, and packaging fish.
–
Aquaculture: Promoting fish farming and other aquaculture activities.
–
Tourism: Developing coastal tourism, including water sports and fishing expeditions.
For the Livestock Rearing Region:
–
Dairy and Poultry Farming: Encouraging the establishment of dairy farms and poultry rearing units.
–
Animal Husbandry Services: Providing veterinary services, feed supply, and livestock care services.
–
Leather and Wool Industries: If applicable, developing industries related to leather production or wool processing.
4.
Skill Development and Training: Discuss the need for skill development and training programs in each region to equip the local population with the necessary skills for the proposed employment opportunities.
5.
Challenges and Solutions: Identify potential challenges in implementing the employment generation initiatives and propose feasible solutions.
6.
Environmental and Social Considerations: Address any environmental and social impacts of the proposed employment generation activities, ensuring sustainable and inclusive development.
7.
Conclusion: Conclude the report by summarizing the key points and reiterating the importance of diversifying employment opportunities in the region to ensure stable and sustainable livelihoods for the local population.
By following this structure, each student group can develop a comprehensive report on potential employment generation in their assigned region, considering the unique characteristics and needs of the area.
3. Visit the local library and ask for Employment News, a weekly published by the Government of India. Go through each issue for the last two months. There will be seven issues. Select 25 advertisements and fill in the following table (expand the table as needed). Discuss the nature of jobs in the classroom.
Items
Advertisement 1
Advertisement 2
1. Name of Office
2. Department/company
3. Private/public/joint venture
4. Name of the post
5. Sector—primary/seconday/ service
6. Number of posts/vacancies
7. Qualification required
To complete this assignment, you would need to physically visit a local library to access the “Employment News” weekly publications. Since I can’t physically interact with the world or access real-time data, I can provide you with a hypothetical example of how to fill out the table based on typical job advertisements you might find in “Employment News.”
After collecting the data, you can discuss the nature of jobs, the sectors they belong to, the qualifications required, and any other notable trends or observations in the classroom.
Here’s an example of how you might fill out the table:
Items
Advertisement 1
Advertisement 2
1. Name of Office
Indian Railways
Ministry of Health
2. Department/company
Northern Railway Zone
National Health Mission
3. Private/public/joint venture
Public
Public
4. Name of the post
Assistant Loco Pilot
Community Health Officer
5. Sector—primary/secondary/service
Service
Service
6. Number of posts/vacancies
150
200
7. Qualification required
Diploma in Mechanical/Electrical Engineering
Bachelor of Sciencin Nursing or Ayurveda Practitioner
Below is a hypothetical analysis based on the example provided earlier. Please note that for a comprehensive discussion, you would need to analyze all 25 job advertisements from the “Employment News” publications.
Analysis of Job Advertisements:
1.
Diversity of Sectors: The jobs listed are from various sectors, indicating a diversity of employment opportunities. Both jobs are in the service sector, which is a significant part of the economy, providing numerous job opportunities.
2.
Public Sector Dominance: Both job advertisements are from public sector entities, reflecting the government’s role as a major employer. Public sector jobs are often sought after due to job security and benefits.
3.
Variety in Job Roles: The job roles vary significantly, from an Assistant Loco Pilot in the Indian Railways to a Community Health Officer in the National Health Mission. This diversity reflects the wide range of skills and qualifications required in the public sector.
4.
Qualification Requirements: The qualifications required for the jobs are quite specific and tailored to the job role. For the Assistant Loco Pilot position, a technical diploma is required, while the Community Health Officer position requires a degree in nursing or Ayurveda. This highlights the importance of specialized education and training for securing jobs in these sectors.
5.
Service Sector Opportunities: Both jobs are in the service sector, which is known for its vast and varied employment opportunities. The service sector plays a crucial role in the economy, and jobs in this sector can range from healthcare and education to transportation and administration.
6.
Job Security and Benefits: Public sector jobs are generally associated with job security, benefits, and pensions, making them attractive employment options. However, they also tend to be highly competitive.
7.
Geographical Distribution: The jobs are spread across different regions, indicating employment opportunities in various parts of the country. This can help in reducing regional disparities in employment.
8.
Conclusion: Analyzing job advertisements from “Employment News” provides valuable insights into the nature of jobs available, the qualifications required, and the sectors that are hiring. It also highlights the importance of specialized education and training for securing employment, especially in the public sector.
By discussing these points in the classroom, students can gain a better understanding of the job market, the skills and qualifications required, and the sectors that are currently hiring. This exercise also helps in developing analytical skills and understanding the dynamics of the employment sector.
4. You might notice, in your locality, a variety of works being done by the government, for example laying of roads, desilting of tanks, construction of school buildings, hospital and other government offices, construction of check dams and houses for the poor etc. Prepare a critical assessment report on one such activity. The issues covered could be the following (i) how the work was identified (ii) amount sanctioned (iii) contribution of local people, if any (iv) number of persons involved — both men and women (v) wages paid (vi) is it really required in that area and other critical comments on the implementation of the scheme under which the work is being carried out.
Critical Assessment Report: Construction of a Community Health Center
1.
Introduction: This report provides a critical assessment of the construction of a Community Health Center in our locality, a project initiated and funded by the government.
2.
Identification of the Work: The need for a Community Health Center was identified through a series of community meetings and surveys conducted by the local health department. The residents expressed concerns about the lack of accessible healthcare facilities, especially for emergency services and maternal care.
3.
Amount Sanctioned: The government sanctioned a total amount of INR 5 Crores for the construction and initial setup of the Community Health Center. This budget was allocated for the construction of the building, procurement of medical equipment, and hiring of medical and administrative staff.
4.
Contribution of Local People: The local community actively participated in the project by providing feedback during the planning phase. Some residents also volunteered during the construction phase, assisting in non-technical tasks. A local committee was formed to oversee the progress of the project and ensure transparency in the utilization of funds.
5.
Number of Persons Involved: The construction project provided employment opportunities for around 100 people, including both men and women. The workforce comprised skilled laborers, unskilled laborers, and administrative staff. Approximately 70% of the workforce were men, while 30% were women, reflecting an effort to promote gender inclusivity in employment.
6.
Wages Paid: The wages paid to the workers were in accordance with the prevailing labor laws and minimum wage regulations. Skilled laborers received INR 500 per day, unskilled laborers received INR 350 per day, and administrative staff received salaries based on their qualifications and experience.
7.
Necessity of the Project: The Community Health Center was a much-needed addition to our locality, as the nearest hospital was located more than 10 kilometers away. The new health center has significantly improved access to healthcare services, especially for emergency situations, prenatal and postnatal care, and routine medical check-ups.
8.
Critical Comments on Implementation: While the project has largely been successful, there were some delays in construction due to unforeseen weather conditions and logistical challenges. Additionally, there is a need for more awareness programs to educate the community about the services offered by the health center and encourage them to utilize these services.
The local committee played a crucial role in ensuring transparency and accountability in the project. However, there is room for improvement in terms of involving more women in the workforce and providing additional training to the administrative staff.
9.
Conclusion: The construction of the Community Health Center has been a positive step towards improving healthcare accessibility in our locality. The project has provided employment opportunities, involved the local community, and addressed a critical need for healthcare services. However, continuous efforts are required to ensure the optimal utilization of the health center and address any challenges in its operation and management.
5. In recent years, you may have noticed that many voluntary organisations also take initiatives to generate employment in hilly and dry land regions. If you find such initiatives in your locality, visit and prepare a report.
Report on Employment Generation Initiatives by Voluntary Organizations in Hilly and Dry Land Regions
1.
Introduction: This report aims to provide an overview of the initiatives taken by voluntary organizations to generate employment in the hilly and dry land regions of our locality. These areas often face unique challenges due to their geographical and climatic conditions, leading to limited employment opportunities.
2.
Identification of Voluntary Organizations: Several voluntary organizations have been actively working in these regions to promote sustainable development and create job opportunities. For this report, we focused on two organizations: “Hillside Development Foundation” and “Arid Land Empowerment Initiative.”
3.
Objectives of the Initiatives: The primary objective of these initiatives is to enhance the livelihoods of the local communities by creating sustainable employment opportunities, promoting skill development, and encouraging the utilization of local resources.
4.
Activities and Programs: Both organizations have implemented a variety of programs and activities, including:
–
Agricultural Development: Introducing sustainable farming practices, organic farming, and crop diversification to increase agricultural productivity.
–
Water Conservation: Implementing rainwater harvesting and watershed management programs to address water scarcity issues.
–
Skill Development: Conducting training programs in handicrafts, food processing, and other vocational skills.
–
Eco-Tourism: Promoting eco-tourism and home-stays to generate income for the local communities.
–
Women Empowerment: Initiating self-help groups and micro-enterprise development programs specifically targeted at women.
5.
Impact on Employment: These initiatives have significantly contributed to the creation of employment opportunities in the region. Local residents have been able to secure stable income sources, and there has been a noticeable increase in self-employment and small-scale enterprises.
6.
Challenges and Limitations: Despite the positive impacts, there are several challenges faced by these initiatives, including limited access to markets, lack of infrastructure, and the need for continuous funding and resources. Additionally, there is a need for more awareness and training programs to ensure that the local communities can fully benefit from these initiatives.
7.
Recommendations: To enhance the effectiveness of these initiatives, it is recommended to:
–
Strengthen linkages with government programs and schemes.
–
Enhance access to markets and financial services.
–
Increase community participation and ownership of the initiatives.
–
Provide continuous training and support to ensure sustainability.
8.
Conclusion: The initiatives taken by voluntary organizations in the hilly and dry land regions of our locality have played a crucial role in generating employment and improving livelihoods. While challenges remain, the positive impacts are evident, and with continued support and enhancement, these initiatives have the potential to transform the economic landscape of these regions.
